PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Usage (Kegunaan)
Menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang mulai terjadi pada waktu lampau hingga masa sekarang. Keterangan waktu (adverb) yang sering digunakan antara lain :
Since = sejak
For = selama
Mengungkapkan kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada masa kini. Keterangan waktu (adverb) yang sering digunakan antara lain:
Already = sudah
Recently = baru-baru ini
Lately = akhir-akhir ini
So far = hingga kini
Formula (Rumus)
I/You/We/They + Have + Past Participle
He/She/It + Has + Present Participle
Positive Sentence (Kalimat Positif)
S + Have / Has + V3 + O/Adv
Contoh :
We have gone to Surabaya.
I have read a story book.
He has bought the rulers.
She has seen an accident in the street.
Negative Sentence (Kalimat Negatif)
S + Have/Has + Not + V3 + O/Adv
Contoh :
I have not (haven’t) received a prize.
They have not (haven’t) played football.
He has not (hasn’t) spoken English.
It hasn’t slept in the stable.
Interrogative Sentence (Kalimat Pertanyaan)
Positive Interrogative (pertanyaan positif)
Have / Has + S +V3 + O/Adv?
Contoh :
Have you met your friend, Ayu?
Have we eaten in the kitchen?
Has he sung a song well?
Has she understood the lesson?
Negative Interrogative (pertanyaan negative)
Have/Has + not + S + (not) + V3 + O/Adv?
Contoh :
Have not (haven’t) you written a letter?
Or, Have you not wr itten a letter?
Haven’t they learnt the English leson?
Has he not heard the music?
Hasn’t she found my red hat?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Usage (Kegunaan)
Digunakan untuk menyatakan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu atau aksi telah di mulai di masa lalu dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang.
Bentuk waktu ini lebih jelas penggunaannya jika digunakan keterangan waktu yang menggunakan kata depan since atau for.
Formula (Rumus)
Positive Sentence (Kalimat Positif)
Untuk subjek I, We, You They : S + Have been + V1 + ing
Untuk subjek He, She, It : S + Has been + V1 + ing
Contoh :
She has been studying for three hours.
We have been living her since 2003.
Negative Sentence (Kalimat Negatif)
Untuk subjek I, We, You They : S + Have + not + been + V1 + ing
Untuk subjek He, She, It : S + Has + not +been + V1 + ing
Contoh :
She has not been studying for three hours.
We have not been living her since 2003.
Interrogative Sentence (Kalimat Pertanyaan)
Untuk subjek I, We, You They : Have + Subjek + been + V1 + ing ?
Untuk subjek He, She, It : Has + Subjek + been + V1 + ing ?
Contoh :
Has she been studying for three hours ?
Have we been living here since 2003 ?
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Usage (Kegunaan)
Menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau keadaan yang telah terjadi di waktu lampau sebelum suatu perbuatan atau keadaan lain terjadi.
Contoh :
My mother had cooked the soup before I left.
He had been here when we came.
Digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang diajukan dalam bentuk simple past tense yang menggunakan kata Tanya why.
Contoh :
Why did dhe want go to there?
Because she had never been there before.
Formula (Bentuk)
Kalimat Verbal
Positife Sentence (Kalimat Positif)
Subyek + Had + Past Participle (V3)
Contoh :
-She had slept when I came last night.
-We had copied the lesson before our teacher came to the class.
2. Negative Sentence (Kalimat Negative)
Subyek + Had + Not + Past participle (V3)
Contoh :
-She had not slept when I came last night.
-We had not copied the lesson before our teacher came to the class.
3. Interrogative Sentence (Kalimat Tanya)
Had + Subyek + Past Participle (V3)
Contoh :
-Had she slept when I came last night?
-Had we copied the lesson before our teacher came to the class?
Kalimat Nominal
1. Positife Sentence (Kalimat Positif)
Subyek + Had + Been + Non Verb
Contoh :
-I had been there when the accident happened.
-She had been a doctor when he went abroad.
Negative Sentence (Kalimat Negative)
Subyek + Had + Not + Been + Non Verb
Contoh :
-I had not been there when the accident happened.
-She had not been a doctor when he went abroad.
Interrogative Sentence (Kalimat Tanya)
Had + Subyek + Been + Non Verb ?
Contoh :
-Had I been there when the accident happened?
-Had she been a doctor when he went abroad?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS TENSE
Usage (Kegunaan)
Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau keadaan yang telah dimulai dan masih berlangsung di waktu lampau.
Untuk menyatakan keadaan atau peristiwa dengan menggunakan bentuk Non Verb (bukan kata kerja) maka sebelum non verb ditanbah dengan “being” yang berfungsi sebgai pengganti kata kerja.
Contoh :
They had been being very happy after I gave them much money.
Formula (Bentuk)
Positive Sentence (Kalimat Positif)
Subyek + Had + Been + V1 + Ing
Contoh :
- They had been living here for three years when I came.
-She had been being sick for two days when we went to Jakarta.
Negative Sentence (Kalimat Negative)
Subyek + Had + Not + Been + V1 + Ing
Contoh :
- They had not been living here for three years when I came.
-She had not been being sick for two days when we went to Jakarta.
Interrogative Sentence (Kalimat Tanya)
Had + Subyek + Been + V1 + Ing?
Contoh :
- Had they been living here for three years when I came?
-Had she been being sick for two days when we went to Jakarta?
Subject-Verb Agreement
Pengertian Subject Verb Agreement
Agreement berarti kesesuaian. Kata lain dari agreement adalah concord. Sedangkan Subject Verb Agreement adalah kesesuian antara subjek dengan kata kerja dalam sebuah kalimat. Sebuah kata kerja harus sesuai dengan subyeknya.
Contoh :
The cat eats fish
Cat = singular subject
Eats = singular verb
The cat eats fish
Cats = plural subject
Eats = plural verb
Aturan Subject Verb Agreement
Singular – Plural
Prepositional Phrares
Conjustion ‘and’
Expressions Of Quantity
Agreement After Certain Words
Interrupting Phrases
There and Here
Sumber :
Gumpol W.Y, MASTERY OF SIXTEEN TENSES, KANISIUS, 1995.
A.Faidlal Rahman Ali, SE. Par, CARA CEPAT BELAJAR 16 TENSES, PUSTAKA WIDYATAMA, Yogyakarta.
Minggu, 15 April 2018
Rabu, 11 April 2018
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TUGAS 1 BAHASA INGGRIS
Simple Present Tense
A. Kegunaan
1. Untuk menyatakan hal-hal yang bersifat umum.
Contoh : The sun rises in the east.
There are twelve months in a year.
A ball is round.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang dilakukan sekarang.
Contoh : He studies English every day.
They work in the office.
She gets up early every morning.
3. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan dilakukan di masa yang akan datang.
Contoh : The bus leaves tomorrow morning.
I go to your house next week.
He arrives in Holland next month.
4. Untuk menyatakan perintah atau permintaan.
Contoh : Please let us do the work.
Get out of the room!.
Call the police if you want.
5. Untuk menyatakan larangan atau peringatan.
Contoh: Don’t open the door!.
Don’t go!.
Don’t tell him about it!.
B. Pola Kalimat
1. Kalimat dengan pola to be : is,am,are.
a. Kalimat positive dengan rumus :
(+) S + is/am/are + adj/adv/n
Contoh : I am happy
You are happy
She is happy
He is happy
We are happy
They are happy
It is happy
b. Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + is not/am not/are not + adj/adv/n
Contoh : I am not happy
You are not happy
She is not happy
He is not happy
We are not happy
They are not happy
It is not happy
c. Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Is/am/are + S + adj/adv/n
Contoh : Am I happy?
Are you happy?
Is she happy?
Is he happy?
Are we happy?
Are they happy?
Is it happy?
d. Kalimat negative-interrogative dengan rumus:
(-?) Isn’t/Aren’t + S + adj/adv/n
Contoh : Aren’t I happy?
Aren’t you happy?
Isn’t she happy?
Isn’t he happy?
Aren’t we happy?
Aren’t they happy?
Isn’t it happy?
2. Kalimat dengan pola infinitive : V1 (s/es/ies)
a. Kalimat positive dengan rumus:
(+) S + V1 (s/es/ies)
Contoh : I eat
You eat
She eats
He eats
We eats
They eats
It eats
b. Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + do not/does not + V1
Contoh : I do not eat
Youdo not eat
She does not eats
He does not eats
We do not eats
They do not eats
It does not eats
c. Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Do/Does + S +V1
Contoh : Do I eat?
Do you eat?
Does she eats?
Does he eats?
Do we eats?
Do they eats?
Does it eats?
d. Kalimat negative-interrogative dengan rumus:
(-?) Don’t/Doesn’t + S + V1
Contoh : Don’t I eat?
Don’t you eat?
Doesn’t she eats?
Doesn’t he eats?
Don’t we eats?
Don’t they eats?
Doesn’t it eats?
Present Continuous Tense
A. Kegunaan
1. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kegunaan yang sedang berlangsung saat sekarang.
Contoh : I am eating now.
He is sleeping now.
They are drinking at this moment.
2. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kegiatan ang sedang berlangsung saat sekarang ketika peristiwa atau kejadian lain terjadi.
Contoh : She is talking to someone when we meet her.
Jack is studying when I phone him.
3. Untuk menyatakan suatu rencana yang akan segera dilakukan di masa datang. Dalam hal ini, keterangan waktu seperti:; tonight, tomorrow, next,…… mutlak digunakan.
Contoh : They are leaving for Jakarta tomorrow.
She is riving at the airport at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning.
4. Dengan pola be going to untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan dilakukan di masa datang.
Contoh : He is going to meet me next week.
We are going to hunt tomorrow.
B. Pola Kalimat
1. Kalimat positive dengan rumus:
(+) S + is/am/are + V1-ing
Contoh : I am reading
You are reading
She is reading
He is reading
We are reading
They are reading
It is reading
2. Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + is not/am not/are not + V1-ing
Contoh : I am not reading
You are not reading
She is not reading
He is not reading
We are not reading
They are not reading
It is not reading
3. Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Is/am/are + S + V1-ing
Contoh : Am I reading?
Are you reading?
Is she reading?
Is he reading?
Are we reading?
Are they reading?
Is it reading?
4. Kalimat negative-interrogative dengan rumus:
(-?) Isn’t/aren’t + S + V1-ing
Contoh : Aren’t I reading?
Aren’t you reading?
Isn’t she reading?
Isn’t he reading?
Aren’t we reading?
Aren’t they reading?
Isn’t it reading?
Simple Past Tense
A. Kegunaan
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas atau kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.
Contoh : I visited Bali last year.
John saw a good movie last night.
Their friends were here yesterday.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang dilakukan di masa lampau.
Contoh : We used to have three rabbits.
Miftah always read holy Qur’an at night.
B. Pola Kalimat
1. Pola kalimat menggunakan kata kerja Verb-2:
Kalimat positive dengan rumus:
(+) S + V-II + Object
Contoh : John watched television last night.
You went to school yesterday.
Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + Did + Not + V-1 + Object
Contoh : John did not watch television last night.
You did not go to school yesterday.
Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Did + S + V-1 + Object
Contoh : Did john watch television last night?
Did you go to school yesterday?
Kalimat negative-introgative dengan rumus:
(-?) Did + S + Not + V-1 + Object
Contoh : Did john not watch television last night?
Did you not go to school yesterday?
2. Pola kalimat menggunakan Be (was, were):
Kalimat positive dengan rumus:
(+) S + Be (was/were) + Adj/adv/n
Contoh :He was very busy yesterday.
They were at library last night.
Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + Be (was/were) + Not + Adj/adv/n
Contoh : He was not very busy yesterday.
They were not at library last night.
Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Be (was/were) + S + Adj/adv/n
Contoh : Was he very busy yesterday?
Were they at library last night?
Kalimat negative-introgative dengan rumus:
(-?) Be (was/were) + S + Not + Adj/adv/n
Contoh : Was he not very busy yesterday?
Were they not at library last night?
Past Continuous Tense
A. Kegunaan
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu dimasa lampau.
Contoh : Ali was calling his honey yesterday at eight o’clock.
Dina was watching television at nine last night.
2. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika kejadian lain menyusul atau terjadi pada mas alampau.
Contoh : Gunawan was watching television when his father came.
He was going to school when they met john.
3. Uuntuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang berlangusng ketika kejadian lain juga terjadi secara bersamaan pada masa lampau.
Contoh : He was reading the book while has drinking a cup of tea.
I was writing th letter while she was crying.
B. Pola Kalimat
1. Pola kalimat menggunakan kata kerja (Verb-ing)
Kalimat positive dengan rumus:
(+) S + Be (was/were) + V-ing + Object
Contoh :She was studying englisht yesterday night.
My mother was cooking.
Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + Be (was/were) + Not + V-ing + Object
Contoh : She was not studying englisht yesterday night.
My mother was not cooking.
Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Be (was/were) + S + V-ing + Object
Contoh : Was she studying englisht yesterday night?
Was my mother cooking?
Kalimat negative-introgative dengan rumus:
(-?) Be (was/were) + S + Not + V-ing + Object
Contoh : Was she not studying englisht yesterday night?
Was my mother not cooking?
2. Pola kalimat menggunakan Be (was/were)
Kalimat positive dengan rumus:
(+) S + Be (was/were) + Adj/adv/n
Contoh : They were happy
They were at library.
Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + Be (was/were) + Not + Adj/adv/n
Contoh :They were not happy.
They were not at library.
Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Be (was/were) + S + Adj/adv/n
Contoh : Were they happy?
Were they at library?
Kalimat negative-introgative dengan rumus:
(-?) Be (was/were) + S + Not + Adj/adv/n
Contoh : Were they happy?
Were they not at library?
Sumber : Gumpol W.Y., MASTERY OF SIXTEEN TENSES, KANISIUS, 1995.
Isnaeni Lucky, Panduan Lengkap 16 TENSES, PT. Tangga Pustaka, Jakarta, 2010.
A. Kegunaan
1. Untuk menyatakan hal-hal yang bersifat umum.
Contoh : The sun rises in the east.
There are twelve months in a year.
A ball is round.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang dilakukan sekarang.
Contoh : He studies English every day.
They work in the office.
She gets up early every morning.
3. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan dilakukan di masa yang akan datang.
Contoh : The bus leaves tomorrow morning.
I go to your house next week.
He arrives in Holland next month.
4. Untuk menyatakan perintah atau permintaan.
Contoh : Please let us do the work.
Get out of the room!.
Call the police if you want.
5. Untuk menyatakan larangan atau peringatan.
Contoh: Don’t open the door!.
Don’t go!.
Don’t tell him about it!.
B. Pola Kalimat
1. Kalimat dengan pola to be : is,am,are.
a. Kalimat positive dengan rumus :
(+) S + is/am/are + adj/adv/n
Contoh : I am happy
You are happy
She is happy
He is happy
We are happy
They are happy
It is happy
b. Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + is not/am not/are not + adj/adv/n
Contoh : I am not happy
You are not happy
She is not happy
He is not happy
We are not happy
They are not happy
It is not happy
c. Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Is/am/are + S + adj/adv/n
Contoh : Am I happy?
Are you happy?
Is she happy?
Is he happy?
Are we happy?
Are they happy?
Is it happy?
d. Kalimat negative-interrogative dengan rumus:
(-?) Isn’t/Aren’t + S + adj/adv/n
Contoh : Aren’t I happy?
Aren’t you happy?
Isn’t she happy?
Isn’t he happy?
Aren’t we happy?
Aren’t they happy?
Isn’t it happy?
2. Kalimat dengan pola infinitive : V1 (s/es/ies)
a. Kalimat positive dengan rumus:
(+) S + V1 (s/es/ies)
Contoh : I eat
You eat
She eats
He eats
We eats
They eats
It eats
b. Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + do not/does not + V1
Contoh : I do not eat
Youdo not eat
She does not eats
He does not eats
We do not eats
They do not eats
It does not eats
c. Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Do/Does + S +V1
Contoh : Do I eat?
Do you eat?
Does she eats?
Does he eats?
Do we eats?
Do they eats?
Does it eats?
d. Kalimat negative-interrogative dengan rumus:
(-?) Don’t/Doesn’t + S + V1
Contoh : Don’t I eat?
Don’t you eat?
Doesn’t she eats?
Doesn’t he eats?
Don’t we eats?
Don’t they eats?
Doesn’t it eats?
Present Continuous Tense
A. Kegunaan
1. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kegunaan yang sedang berlangsung saat sekarang.
Contoh : I am eating now.
He is sleeping now.
They are drinking at this moment.
2. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kegiatan ang sedang berlangsung saat sekarang ketika peristiwa atau kejadian lain terjadi.
Contoh : She is talking to someone when we meet her.
Jack is studying when I phone him.
3. Untuk menyatakan suatu rencana yang akan segera dilakukan di masa datang. Dalam hal ini, keterangan waktu seperti:; tonight, tomorrow, next,…… mutlak digunakan.
Contoh : They are leaving for Jakarta tomorrow.
She is riving at the airport at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning.
4. Dengan pola be going to untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan dilakukan di masa datang.
Contoh : He is going to meet me next week.
We are going to hunt tomorrow.
B. Pola Kalimat
1. Kalimat positive dengan rumus:
(+) S + is/am/are + V1-ing
Contoh : I am reading
You are reading
She is reading
He is reading
We are reading
They are reading
It is reading
2. Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + is not/am not/are not + V1-ing
Contoh : I am not reading
You are not reading
She is not reading
He is not reading
We are not reading
They are not reading
It is not reading
3. Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Is/am/are + S + V1-ing
Contoh : Am I reading?
Are you reading?
Is she reading?
Is he reading?
Are we reading?
Are they reading?
Is it reading?
4. Kalimat negative-interrogative dengan rumus:
(-?) Isn’t/aren’t + S + V1-ing
Contoh : Aren’t I reading?
Aren’t you reading?
Isn’t she reading?
Isn’t he reading?
Aren’t we reading?
Aren’t they reading?
Isn’t it reading?
Simple Past Tense
A. Kegunaan
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas atau kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.
Contoh : I visited Bali last year.
John saw a good movie last night.
Their friends were here yesterday.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang dilakukan di masa lampau.
Contoh : We used to have three rabbits.
Miftah always read holy Qur’an at night.
B. Pola Kalimat
1. Pola kalimat menggunakan kata kerja Verb-2:
Kalimat positive dengan rumus:
(+) S + V-II + Object
Contoh : John watched television last night.
You went to school yesterday.
Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + Did + Not + V-1 + Object
Contoh : John did not watch television last night.
You did not go to school yesterday.
Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Did + S + V-1 + Object
Contoh : Did john watch television last night?
Did you go to school yesterday?
Kalimat negative-introgative dengan rumus:
(-?) Did + S + Not + V-1 + Object
Contoh : Did john not watch television last night?
Did you not go to school yesterday?
2. Pola kalimat menggunakan Be (was, were):
Kalimat positive dengan rumus:
(+) S + Be (was/were) + Adj/adv/n
Contoh :He was very busy yesterday.
They were at library last night.
Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + Be (was/were) + Not + Adj/adv/n
Contoh : He was not very busy yesterday.
They were not at library last night.
Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Be (was/were) + S + Adj/adv/n
Contoh : Was he very busy yesterday?
Were they at library last night?
Kalimat negative-introgative dengan rumus:
(-?) Be (was/were) + S + Not + Adj/adv/n
Contoh : Was he not very busy yesterday?
Were they not at library last night?
Past Continuous Tense
A. Kegunaan
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu dimasa lampau.
Contoh : Ali was calling his honey yesterday at eight o’clock.
Dina was watching television at nine last night.
2. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika kejadian lain menyusul atau terjadi pada mas alampau.
Contoh : Gunawan was watching television when his father came.
He was going to school when they met john.
3. Uuntuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang berlangusng ketika kejadian lain juga terjadi secara bersamaan pada masa lampau.
Contoh : He was reading the book while has drinking a cup of tea.
I was writing th letter while she was crying.
B. Pola Kalimat
1. Pola kalimat menggunakan kata kerja (Verb-ing)
Kalimat positive dengan rumus:
(+) S + Be (was/were) + V-ing + Object
Contoh :She was studying englisht yesterday night.
My mother was cooking.
Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + Be (was/were) + Not + V-ing + Object
Contoh : She was not studying englisht yesterday night.
My mother was not cooking.
Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Be (was/were) + S + V-ing + Object
Contoh : Was she studying englisht yesterday night?
Was my mother cooking?
Kalimat negative-introgative dengan rumus:
(-?) Be (was/were) + S + Not + V-ing + Object
Contoh : Was she not studying englisht yesterday night?
Was my mother not cooking?
2. Pola kalimat menggunakan Be (was/were)
Kalimat positive dengan rumus:
(+) S + Be (was/were) + Adj/adv/n
Contoh : They were happy
They were at library.
Kalimat negative dengan rumus:
(-) S + Be (was/were) + Not + Adj/adv/n
Contoh :They were not happy.
They were not at library.
Kalimat interrogative dengan rumus:
(?) Be (was/were) + S + Adj/adv/n
Contoh : Were they happy?
Were they at library?
Kalimat negative-introgative dengan rumus:
(-?) Be (was/were) + S + Not + Adj/adv/n
Contoh : Were they happy?
Were they not at library?
Sumber : Gumpol W.Y., MASTERY OF SIXTEEN TENSES, KANISIUS, 1995.
Isnaeni Lucky, Panduan Lengkap 16 TENSES, PT. Tangga Pustaka, Jakarta, 2010.
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